Sodium Pyruvate

Question: help cell respiration question!!!! it would be helpful if you answered? When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 86) A) buildup of pyruvate. B) buildup of lactate. C) increase in sodium ions. D) increase in potassium ions. E) increase in ethanol. the answer is d why????

Answer: B. It isn't responsible for the pain though according to recent studies. It is there because the muscle burns the sugar anaerobically and produces lactic acid in the muscles.

Question: Pls help!.. FIll in the blank? All cells use (ADP / AMP / ATP) as a source of energy to fuel In aerobic respiration (glucose / lipid / protein) is broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2) and the electrons are used to generate ATP (the details will follow). The formula for aerobic respiration is as follows: C6H12O6 + O2 à CO2 + H20 + energy (chemical energy in ATP bonds) This process is achieved in 4 main steps, they are (glycolysis / fermentation / anaerobic respiration), pyruvate oxidation, (Krebs / energy / Calvin) cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require the presence of free oxygen (O2). The remaining three steps all take place in the (cytoplasm / mitochondria / golgi apparatus) and only occur in the presence of free oxygen. Glycolysis is a 10-step process that begins with 1 molecules of glucose (6 carbons) and ends with 2 molecules of pyruvate (each has pyruvate has 3 carbons). This process costs 2 ATP molecules but makes 4 ATP molecules thus having a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per molecules of glucose. During glycolysis 2 molecules of NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) are reduced to form 2 molecules of (FADH2 / NADH / NADH2)`s2z. The NADH serves to transport hydrogen ions and electron and will be used during the electron transport chain. Once glycolysis is complete (assuming O2) is present the pyruvate and the NADH molecules are transported into the mitochondria. Pyruvate oxidation takes places in the mitochondria. Each molecule of (glucose / pyruvate / acetyl) (3 carbons) is converted into a molecule of acetyl-CoA (2 carbons). The carbon molecules that is lost during the process is released as a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule. During this step a NAD+ is reduced into NADH for each pyruvate but no additional ATP is made. The Krebs cycle (named in honor if it’s discoverer Hans Krebs) is the next step, it takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The cycle starts when a molecule of acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) binds to a molecule of (oxalocetate / ethyl alcohol / butane) (4 carbons) forming the 6 carbon molecule (glucose / citric acid / fructose). Citrate then goes through the remaining 8 steps of the cycle, during each reaction the molecule is changed ending with the final reaction that regenerates the oxaloacetate molecule. Each cycle produces 2 CO2 molecules, 1 ATP molecule, 3 (NAD+ / NADH / FADH2) molecules and 1 FADH2 molecule. It takes 2 cycles to completely convert all of the carbon found in (acetyl CoA / glucose / pyruvate) into carbon dioxide. Question 2 answers At this point in the process very little ATP has been synthesized, but lots of NADH and FADH2 has been made. The next step is the electron (sequence / system / transport) chain, This is where the electrons and (hydrogen / sodium / carbon) ions from the NADH and FADH2 will be used to make the bulk of the ATP generated. The electron transport chain takes place in 2 main parts. First the hydrogen ions are removed from the NADH (this converts NADH back into NAD+) and are pumped across the (outer membrane/ cristae / plasma membrane), which is the fold of the inner membrane of the mitochondria, into the intermembrane space. The electrons from the NADH are used to power the pumps. After the electrons leave the pump proteins they are transferred to oxygen molecules that will be used to form water molecules. This pumping action sets up a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner membrane. The concentration of H+ is high in the (matrix / intermembrane / cytoplasm) space and low in the (matrix / intermembrane / cytoplasm) . The next step is termed chemiosmosis; this involves the diffusion of H+ back into the matrix. The enzyme ATP synthase first allows the H+ to diffuse back into the matrix, then the enzyme uses the energy provides by the diffusing ions to combine an ADP plus a free phosphate group to form ATP molecules. Each NADH has enough energy to make 3 ATP molecules and each FADH2 has enough energy to make 2 ATP molecules. The total possible ATP yield per molecules of glucose is 36, although typically the actual yield is around 30-32 ATP molecules per glucose. Aerobic respiration requires (hydrogen / carbon / oxygen), but isn’t the only way to make ATP. If oxygen is not present some organisms have other pathways to generate ATP. Cells can use glycolysis to generate ATP (it has a net yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose) which does not require oxygen but cells need to convert the NADH formed during glycolysis back into (FAD / NAD+ / FADH2). Normally during aerobic respiration the NADH formed is transported to the mitochondria and converted back into NAD+ during the electron transport chain. Without oxygen present the electron transport chain cannot be completed so cells need another pathway. (Fermentation / Aerobic respiration / anaerobic respiration) is the process where a

Answer: gf

Question: please help thanks!!? 5. Plants and algae are remarkable in that they can make all the organic compounds they need from the end product of the Calvin cycle, which is A. carbon dioxide. C. G3P molecules. B. NADH+. D. RuBP carboxylase. 6. Which one of the following events occurs during Calvin cycle reactions? A. Chlorophyll energizes electrons. B. Carbohydrates are produced. C. ATP is produced. D. An enzyme helper becomes NADPH. 7. The monomers of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are known as A. nucleotides. C. nuclei. B. proteins. D. polypeptides. 8. What happens during glycolysis? A. Hydrogen ions combine to form water. B. Oxidation takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. C. The oxidation of pyruvate forms NADH and CO2. D. Glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate. 9. The process by which a biologist uses creative thought to find a pattern among isolated facts is called A. inductive reasoning. C. simple reasoning. B. proving a theory. D. proving a hypothesis. 10. In a eukaryotic cell, a network of protein filaments called _______ help maintain the shape of the cell. A. organelles C. ribosomes B. the cytoskeleton D. the nucleolus 11. Glycerol is a subunit molecule of a A. carbohydrate. C. protein. B. lipid. D. nucleic acid. 12. In the electron transport chain, the main purpose of the _______ we breathe is to keep electrons moving along from the first to the last chemical carrier. A. carbon dioxide C. atoms B. nitrogen D. oxygen 13. The tiny particles that comprise an element are called A. ions. C. atoms. B. protons. D. nuclei. 14. In cells, a form of active transport is A. osmosis. C. simple diffusion. B. a sodium-potassium pump. D. facilitated diffusion. 15. In the leaves of flowering plants, where does the process of photosynthesis occur? A. In chloroplasts C. In glucose B. In stomata D. Between chlorophylls 16. According to the octet rule, an atom with two electron shells is most stable when it contains eight A. protons. C. electrons. B. isotopes. D. neutrons. 17. The least usable form of energy is A. a calorie. C. food. B. ATP. D. heat. 18. The energy used by living organisms on Earth comes from A. the sun. C. the oceans. B. fossil fuels. D. volcanoes. 19. A carbon molecule that has a different arrangement of atoms is known as a/an A. monomer. C. isomer. B. peptide. D. nucleotide. 20. Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. C. Golgi bodies. B. organelles. D. eukaryotes.

Answer: a. this is the languages section, not the science one b. this looks like homework: you must have had lessons and a book to study, so you really should look it up yourself... if you want to learn anything c. this is 16 questions in one.. doubt anyone will feel like doing all your work for you.

Question: please help Thanks!!!!!!!!!!!? 1. An element that speeds up chemical reactions is called a/an A. enzyme. C. substrate. B. calorie. D. solvent. 2. A substance that’s attracted to water molecules is called A. hydrophobic. C. hydrophilic. B. cohesive. D. adhesive. 3. Short, hairlike projections called _______ enable the motion of some eukaryotic cells. A. cilia C. centrioles B. actinites D. microtubules 4. Biology is the study of A. animals. C. plants. B. the physical world. D. life. 5. Plants and algae are remarkable in that they can make all the organic compounds they need from the end product of the Calvin cycle, which is A. carbon dioxide. C. G3P molecules. B. NADH+. D. RuBP carboxylase. 6. Which one of the following events occurs during Calvin cycle reactions? A. Chlorophyll energizes electrons. B. Carbohydrates are produced. C. ATP is produced. D. An enzyme helper becomes NADPH. 7. The monomers of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are known as A. nucleotides. C. nuclei. B. proteins. D. polypeptides. 8. What happens during glycolysis? A. Hydrogen ions combine to form water. B. Oxidation takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. C. The oxidation of pyruvate forms NADH and CO2. D. Glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate. 9. The process by which a biologist uses creative thought to find a pattern among isolated facts is called A. inductive reasoning. C. simple reasoning. B. proving a theory. D. proving a hypothesis. 10. In a eukaryotic cell, a network of protein filaments called _______ help maintain the shape of the cell. A. organelles C. ribosomes B. the cytoskeleton D. the nucleolus 11. Glycerol is a subunit molecule of a A. carbohydrate. C. protein. B. lipid. D. nucleic acid. 12. In the electron transport chain, the main purpose of the _______ we breathe is to keep electrons moving along from the first to the last chemical carrier. A. carbon dioxide C. atoms B. nitrogen D. oxygen 13. The tiny particles that comprise an element are called A. ions. C. atoms. B. protons. D. nuclei. 14. In cells, a form of active transport is A. osmosis. C. simple diffusion. B. a sodium-potassium pump. D. facilitated diffusion. 15. In the leaves of flowering plants, where does the process of photosynthesis occur? A. In chloroplasts C. In glucose B. In stomata D. Between chlorophylls 16. According to the octet rule, an atom with two electron shells is most stable when it contains eight A. protons. C. electrons. B. isotopes. D. neutrons. 17. The least usable form of energy is A. a calorie. C. food. B. ATP. D. heat. 18. The energy used by living organisms on Earth comes from A. the sun. C. the oceans. B. fossil fuels. D. volcanoes. 19. A carbon molecule that has a different arrangement of atoms is known as a/an A. monomer. C. isomer. B. peptide. D. nucleotide. 20. Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. C. Golgi bodies. B. organelles. D. eukaryotes.

Answer: haha 1.A 2.C 3.A (thought it was flagella) 4.D 5.A (not sure) 6.D (not sure) 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.B (not sure) 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A (not sure) 16.D (not sure/question doesn't make sense) 17.A 18.A 19.nucleotide 20.prokaryotes

Question: bio help? are these answers right? 1. An element that speeds up chemical reactions is called a/an A. enzyme. C. substrate. B. calorie. D. solvent. 2. A substance that’s attracted to water molecules is called A. hydrophobic. C. hydrophilic. B. cohesive. D. adhesive. 3. Short, hairlike projections called _______ enable the motion of some eukaryotic cells. A. cilia C. centrioles B. actinites D. microtubules 4. Biology is the study of A. animals. C. plants. B. the physical world. D. life. 5. Plants and algae are remarkable in that they can make all the organic compounds they need from the end product of the Calvin cycle, which is A. carbon dioxide. C. G3P molecules. B. NADH+. D. RuBP carboxylase. 6. Which one of the following events occurs during Calvin cycle reactions? A. Chlorophyll energizes electrons. B. Carbohydrates are produced. C. ATP is produced. D. An enzyme helper becomes NADPH. 7. The monomers of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are known as A. nucleotides. C. nuclei. B. proteins. D. polypeptides. 8. What happens during glycolysis? A. Hydrogen ions combine to form water. B. Oxidation takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. C. The oxidation of pyruvate forms NADH and CO2. D. Glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate. 9. The process by which a biologist uses creative thought to find a pattern among isolated facts is called A. inductive reasoning. C. simple reasoning. B. proving a theory. D. proving a hypothesis. 10. In a eukaryotic cell, a network of protein filaments called _______ help maintain the shape of the cell. A. organelles C. ribosomes B. the cytoskeleton D. the nucleolus 11. Glycerol is a subunit molecule of a A. carbohydrate. C. protein. B. lipid. D. nucleic acid. 12. In the electron transport chain, the main purpose of the _______ we breathe is to keep electrons moving along from the first to the last chemical carrier. A. carbon dioxide C. atoms B. nitrogen D. oxygen 13. The tiny particles that comprise an element are called A. ions. C. atoms. B. protons. D. nuclei. 14. In cells, a form of active transport is A. osmosis. C. simple diffusion. B. a sodium-potassium pump. D. facilitated diffusion. 15. In the leaves of flowering plants, where does the process of photosynthesis occur? A. In chloroplasts C. In glucose B. In stomata D. Between chlorophylls 16. According to the octet rule, an atom with two electron shells is most stable when it contains eight A. protons. C. electrons. B. isotopes. D. neutrons. 17. The least usable form of energy is A. a calorie. C. food. B. ATP. D. heat. 18. The energy used by living organisms on Earth comes from A. the sun. C. the oceans. B. fossil fuels. D. volcanoes. 19. A carbon molecule that has a different arrangement of atoms is known as a/an A. monomer. C. isomer. B. peptide. D. nucleotide. 20. Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. C. Golgi bodies. B. organelles. D. eukaryotes. my answers 1D 2C 3D 4C 5D 6A 7B 8A 9C 10B 11B 12D 13D 14A 16D 17B 18C 19B 20A

Answer: 1a 2c 3a 4d 5a 6c? 7a 8d? 9a 10b 11a 12d 13c 14d 15a 16c 17d/b? 18a 19c 20a most i am sure of, just those 3 i'm not sure

Question: i need help with science? 1. An element that speeds up chemical reactions is called a/an A. enzyme. C. substrate. B. calorie. D. solvent. 2. A substance that’s attracted to water molecules is called A. hydrophobic. C. hydrophilic. B. cohesive. D. adhesive. 3. Short, hairlike projections called _______ enable the motion of some eukaryotic cells. A. cilia C. centrioles B. actinites D. microtubules 4. Biology is the study of A. animals. C. plants. B. the physical world. D. life. 5. Plants and algae are remarkable in that they can make all the organic compounds they need from the end product of the Calvin cycle, which is A. carbon dioxide. C. G3P molecules. B. NADH+. D. RuBP carboxylase. 6. Which one of the following events occurs during Calvin cycle reactions? A. Chlorophyll energizes electrons. B. Carbohydrates are produced. C. ATP is produced. D. An enzyme helper becomes NADPH. 7. The monomers of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are known as A. nucleotides. C. nuclei. B. proteins. D. polypeptides. 8. What happens during glycolysis? A. Hydrogen ions combine to form water. B. Oxidation takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. C. The oxidation of pyruvate forms NADH and CO2. D. Glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate. 9. The process by which a biologist uses creative thought to find a pattern among isolated facts is called A. inductive reasoning. C. simple reasoning. B. proving a theory. D. proving a hypothesis. 10. In a eukaryotic cell, a network of protein filaments called _______ help maintain the shape of the cell. A. organelles C. ribosomes B. the cytoskeleton D. the nucleolus 11. Glycerol is a subunit molecule of a A. carbohydrate. C. protein. B. lipid. D. nucleic acid. 12. In the electron transport chain, the main purpose of the _______ we breathe is to keep electrons moving along from the first to the last chemical carrier. A. carbon dioxide C. atoms B. nitrogen D. oxygen 13. The tiny particles that comprise an element are called A. ions. C. atoms. B. protons. D. nuclei. 14. In cells, a form of active transport is A. osmosis. C. simple diffusion. B. a sodium-potassium pump. D. facilitated diffusion. 15. In the leaves of flowering plants, where does the process of photosynthesis occur? A. In chloroplasts C. In glucose B. In stomata D. Between chlorophylls 16. According to the octet rule, an atom with two electron shells is most stable when it contains eight A. protons. C. electrons. B. isotopes. D. neutrons. 17. The least usable form of energy is A. a calorie. C. food. B. ATP. D. heat. 18. The energy used by living organisms on Earth comes from A. the sun. C. the oceans. B. fossil fuels. D. volcanoes. 19. A carbon molecule that has a different arrangement of atoms is known as a/an A. monomer. C. isomer. B. peptide. D. nucleotide. 20. Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. C. Golgi bodies. B. organelles. D. eukaryotes.

Answer: A,C,A,D,D,B,A,D,A,B,B,D,C,B,A,C,D,A,C,A btw Dont Trust Dave I know for a fact some of his answers eg 7 is incorrect.

Question: please help thank you? 1. An element that speeds up chemical reactions is called a/an A. enzyme. C. substrate. B. calorie. D. solvent. 2. A substance that’s attracted to water molecules is called A. hydrophobic. C. hydrophilic. B. cohesive. D. adhesive. 3. Short, hairlike projections called _______ enable the motion of some eukaryotic cells. A. cilia C. centrioles B. actinites D. microtubules 4. Biology is the study of A. animals. C. plants. B. the physical world. D. life. 5. Plants and algae are remarkable in that they can make all the organic compounds they need from the end product of the Calvin cycle, which is A. carbon dioxide. C. G3P molecules. B. NADH+. D. RuBP carboxylase. 6. Which one of the following events occurs during Calvin cycle reactions? A. Chlorophyll energizes electrons. B. Carbohydrates are produced. C. ATP is produced. D. An enzyme helper becomes NADPH. 7. The monomers of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are known as A. nucleotides. C. nuclei. B. proteins. D. polypeptides. 8. What happens during glycolysis? A. Hydrogen ions combine to form water. B. Oxidation takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. C. The oxidation of pyruvate forms NADH and CO2. D. Glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate. 9. The process by which a biologist uses creative thought to find a pattern among isolated facts is called A. inductive reasoning. C. simple reasoning. B. proving a theory. D. proving a hypothesis. 10. In a eukaryotic cell, a network of protein filaments called _______ help maintain the shape of the cell. A. organelles C. ribosomes B. the cytoskeleton D. the nucleolus 11. Glycerol is a subunit molecule of a A. carbohydrate. C. protein. B. lipid. D. nucleic acid. 12. In the electron transport chain, the main purpose of the _______ we breathe is to keep electrons moving along from the first to the last chemical carrier. A. carbon dioxide C. atoms B. nitrogen D. oxygen 13. The tiny particles that comprise an element are called A. ions. C. atoms. B. protons. D. nuclei. 14. In cells, a form of active transport is A. osmosis. C. simple diffusion. B. a sodium-potassium pump. D. facilitated diffusion. 15. In the leaves of flowering plants, where does the process of photosynthesis occur? A. In chloroplasts C. In glucose B. In stomata D. Between chlorophylls 16. According to the octet rule, an atom with two electron shells is most stable when it contains eight A. protons. C. electrons. B. isotopes. D. neutrons. 17. The least usable form of energy is A. a calorie. C. food. B. ATP. D. heat. 18. The energy used by living organisms on Earth comes from A. the sun. C. the oceans. B. fossil fuels. D. volcanoes. 19. A carbon molecule that has a different arrangement of atoms is known as a/an A. monomer. C. isomer. B. peptide. D. nucleotide. 20. Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. C. Golgi bodies. B. organelles. D. eukaryotes.

Answer: Do your own science homework. These answers are very easily googled.

Question: i need help with my science home work? 1. An element that speeds up chemical reactions is called a/an A. enzyme. C. substrate. B. calorie. D. solvent. 2. A substance that’s attracted to water molecules is called A. hydrophobic. C. hydrophilic. B. cohesive. D. adhesive. 3. Short, hairlike projections called _______ enable the motion of some eukaryotic cells. A. cilia C. centrioles B. actinites D. microtubules 4. Biology is the study of A. animals. C. plants. B. the physical world. D. life. 5. Plants and algae are remarkable in that they can make all the organic compounds they need from the end product of the Calvin cycle, which is A. carbon dioxide. C. G3P molecules. B. NADH+. D. RuBP carboxylase. 6. Which one of the following events occurs during Calvin cycle reactions? A. Chlorophyll energizes electrons. B. Carbohydrates are produced. C. ATP is produced. D. An enzyme helper becomes NADPH. 7. The monomers of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are known as A. nucleotides. C. nuclei. B. proteins. D. polypeptides. 8. What happens during glycolysis? A. Hydrogen ions combine to form water. B. Oxidation takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. C. The oxidation of pyruvate forms NADH and CO2. D. Glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate. 9. The process by which a biologist uses creative thought to find a pattern among isolated facts is called A. inductive reasoning. C. simple reasoning. B. proving a theory. D. proving a hypothesis. 10. In a eukaryotic cell, a network of protein filaments called _______ help maintain the shape of the cell. A. organelles C. ribosomes B. the cytoskeleton D. the nucleolus 11. Glycerol is a subunit molecule of a A. carbohydrate. C. protein. B. lipid. D. nucleic acid. 12. In the electron transport chain, the main purpose of the _______ we breathe is to keep electrons moving along from the first to the last chemical carrier. A. carbon dioxide C. atoms B. nitrogen D. oxygen 13. The tiny particles that comprise an element are called A. ions. C. atoms. B. protons. D. nuclei. 14. In cells, a form of active transport is A. osmosis. C. simple diffusion. B. a sodium-potassium pump. D. facilitated diffusion. 15. In the leaves of flowering plants, where does the process of photosynthesis occur? A. In chloroplasts C. In glucose B. In stomata D. Between chlorophylls 16. According to the octet rule, an atom with two electron shells is most stable when it contains eight A. protons. C. electrons. B. isotopes. D. neutrons. 17. The least usable form of energy is A. a calorie. C. food. B. ATP. D. heat. 18. The energy used by living organisms on Earth comes from A. the sun. C. the oceans. B. fossil fuels. D. volcanoes. 19. A carbon molecule that has a different arrangement of atoms is known as a/an A. monomer. C. isomer. B. peptide. D. nucleotide. 20. Single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called A. prokaryotes. C. Golgi bodies. B. organelles. D. eukaryotes.

Answer: 1A 2D 3A 4D 5C 6B 7A 8B 9A 10C 11B 12A 13C 14B 15A 16C 17B 18A 19C 20A

Question: bio questions....need help? Microbiology..hw help? Fermentation is the process a. that takes place in the abscence of oxygen b. in which the recipeint of hydrogen atoms is an organic molecule c. in which water is not one of the by products d. in which the krebs cycle and electron transfer through ETS do not occur e. all of the above Chemisosmotic generation of ATP is driven by a. phosphate transfer through plasma membrane b sodium, potassium pump c. difference in H concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane d. osmosis of macromolecules e large quantities of ADP In which of the following steps in glycoysis, 2 ATP molecules are required? a. cleavage n rearrangement b. glucose priming c. oxidation d. pyruvate formation e. acetly COA formation Chemisomotic generation of ATP is driven by a. phosphate transfer b. sodium, potassium pump c. a difference in H concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane d. osmosis macromolecules e. large quantities of ADP

Answer: a. that takes place in the abscence of oxygen c. difference in H concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane b. glucose priming c. a difference in H concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane

Question: AP Biology Multiple Choice Questions? 1) During oxidative respiration, pyruvate is converted into a) ATP b) citric acid cycle c) CO2 and acetyl-coenzyme A d) high energy electrons e) oxidized NAD+ 2) When DNA is heated gently its structure becomes disrupted. Between which parts of the molecule would the bonds break? a)adenine-thymine b)phosphate-deoxyribose c)deoxyribose-cytosine d)phosphate-guanine e)deoxyribose-deoxyribose 3) Salivary amylase is a single polypeptide chain. When the pH is lowered several pH units below its pH optimum, its activity is strongly inhibited. What factor is most responsible for the decrease in activity? a) an allosteric inhibitor b) an altered primary structure c) an altered tertiary structure d) an altered quarternary structure e) degradation of the starch substrate 3) Within the cell, many chemical reactions that, by themselves, require energy input (hae a positive free-energy change) can occur because the reactions a) may be coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP b) take place very slowly c) take place when the cells are at unusually high temperatures d) are catalyzed by enzymes e) are aided by various metal ions that act as catalysts 4) Facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane a) requires energy in the form of ATP for diffusion to occur. b) occurs in selective membrane channels c) utilizes ATP as a carrier molecule d) involves active, as opposed to passive transport e) involves lipid-soluble materials only 5) Which of the following changes is likely to have the most drastic effect on phenotype in bacteria a) single base substitution in DNA b) two-minute exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunglight c) single DNA nucleotide deletion d) deletion of three nucleotides from DNA e) insertion of three nucleotides into DNA 6) A compound with the chemical formula C5H11COOH would be classified as a a) amino acid b) fatty acid c) nucleic acid d) carbohydrate e) steroid 7) When the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly, leading to a) a better induced fit b) a greater range of possible catalytic activities c) a greater supply of activation energy d) more permanent binding through intimate total contact e) more possible products of the reaction 8)If the cell were encased in a complete lipid bilayer with no proteins, the membrane would be a) completely impermeable to water soluble substances b) completely permeable to water soluble substances c) completely impermeable to lipid-soluble materials d) partially permeable to water only e) permeable to sodium ions only 9) On the outer suface of a cell membrane there are markers to identify the cell type; often the molecules involved are a) ATP b) carbohydrate chains c) single glucose molecules d) sodium ions e) water 10) In most proteins, sulfur-containing amino acids form crosslinks, which tend to a) cause hydrolysis of peptide bonds b) force hydrophobic groups to the outside c) inhibit the formation of new peptide bonds d) increase the solubility of the protein e) stabilize the structure of the protein 11) One of the important first results of the light reactions is a) the addition of phosphate to sugar to form sugar phosphate b) the change of chlorophyll from green to colorless c) the chemiosmotic formation of ATP d) the rearrangeement of sugar molecules to form O2 and H2O e) the transfrer of electrons to glucose molecules

Answer: 1c, 2a, 3c, 3d, 4b, 5c, 6b, 7a, 10e. Try these, sorry I don't know them all

Question: What is the pH of a solution...? What is the pH of a solution that is prepared by dissolving 6.87 grams of pyruvic acid (formula weight = 88.06 grams/mol) and 9.76 grams of sodium pyruvate (formula weight = 90.04 grams/mole) in water and diluting to 1000.00 mL? The Ka for pyruvic acid is 0.00324.

Answer: Find the molarities of the two and solve using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.